All About Mercury, The Smallest Planet In The Solar System
Mercury is rather bright but still not easy to see: most of the time, it’s close to the Sun in the sky. Learn how to track Mercury’s movements and pick the best time to spot the planet with the astronomical app Sky Tonight!
Contents
- Mercury planet facts
- What’s Mercury like? Size, temperature, composition
- Observing Mercury: a quick guide
- Is Mercury visible tonight?
Mercury events 2025
- June 8: Mercury near Jupiter
- June 22: Mercury near Pollux
- June 27: Moon near Mercury
- June 28: Mercury at dichotomy
- July 3: Mercury near the Beehive Cluster
- July 4: Mercury at greatest eastern (evening) elongation
- July 17: Mercury retrograde starts
- August 10: Mercury retrograde ends
- August 19: Mercury at greatest western (morning) elongation
- August 19: Mercury near the Beehive Cluster
- August 21: Mercury at dichotomy
- August 21: Moon near Mercury
- F.A.Q.
- Planet Mercury: to sum up
Mercury planet facts
- Planet type: terrestrial
- Radius: 2440 km (1516 miles)
- Mass: 3.3011×10^23 kg
- Aphelion: 69.8 million km (43.4 million miles)
- Perihelion: 46.0 million km (28.6 million miles)
- Average distance from the Earth: 77 million km (48 million miles)
- Surface temperature: -173°C to 427°C (−280 °F to 800 °F)
- Solar day length: 176 Earth days
- Sidereal day length: 59 Earth days
- Year length: 88 Earth days
- Age: 4.503 billion years
- Named after: Roman god of commerce
6 facts about Mercury we bet you didn’t know
- There are no seasons on Mercury because its axis has almost no tilt (only 2 degrees).
- Ancient astronomers believed Mercury was two different objects because it could appear in the evening western sky or rise in the morning eastern sky. By the way, they thought the same about Venus.
- Like the Moon and Venus, Mercury has phases, but you can see those only through a telescope.
- Mercury is almost certainly not habitable. Its rough temperatures and closeness to the Sun make the planet too extreme for living organisms.
- Mercury has a tail. Many people know comets have tails. But have you heard about a planet that has one? Mercury has a cometlike tail produced by the solar wind that pushes sodium atoms off the planet’s surface. It’s not easy to see: you’ll have to take a long-exposure photo using a telescope and a special filter.
- In Sanskrit, Mercury is called Budha (not to be confused with Buddha, the founder of Buddhism). The Vedic texts call it Budh planet and refer to it as a deity, the son of Soma (or Chandra, the Moon god) and Tara (wife of Bṛhaspati, the god of Jupiter).
What’s Mercury like? Size, temperature, composition
How big is Mercury?
Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System in both mass and diameter. It’s 18 times less massive than the Earth, and its diameter barely reaches two-fifths of the Earth’s size. To give you a better understanding of Mercury’s size, let’s say that it’s only a third larger than the Moon.
Surprisingly enough, this small planet got even smaller over time. Cooling of its core has caused the entire planet to shrink, reducing Mercury’s volume by about 5-10 kilometers in radius.
How hot is Mercury?
The temperature of Mercury’s surface varies more than on any other planet in our Solar System. It can range from −173 °C (−280 °F) at night to 427 °C (800 °F) during the day. This happens because the smallest planet has almost no atmosphere to trap heat, and it quickly loses the energy received from the Sun during the daytime.
Although Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, it isn’t the hottest one (Venus is).
Do you know which object is the coldest, the biggest, or the fastest in the Solar System? Which planet hosts the highest mountain, and where is the largest ocean of liquid water (spoiler: not on the Earth)? Take this quiz and learn more about the space record holders!
How long is a day on Mercury?
A solar day — the amount of time it takes the Sun to rise, set, and rise to the same place again — on Mercury lasts about 176 Earth days. And here is another weird fact about Mercury: one year on this planet is twice shorter than a single day and takes 88 Earth days. How come?
The smallest planet spins slowly about its axis — one rotation takes 59 Earth days. However, its sunrises and sunsets are quite different from the Earth’s ones. Due to the planet’s eccentric orbit, the Sun appears to rise twice: once, shortly before setting, and then again from some parts of the surface. The same thing occurs in reverse at sunset. Thus it takes much longer for the Sun to appear in the same place again, and one solar day lasts almost twice as long as a year.
Even though it spins slowly, Mercury travels around the Sun faster than any other planet — at 47 km/s (29 mi/s). In comparison, the second-fastest planet in our Solar System, Venus, has a speed of 35 km/s (21 mi/s).
What is Mercury made of?
Since Mercury is a terrestrial planet, it’s mainly composed of iron, nickel, and silicate rock. It has a large iron core, which is about 61% of the planet’s volume (in comparison, the Earth’s core is only 16%), and a 400-kilometer (250 miles) thick outer shell. By the way, Mercury’s core is about the same size as our Moon. Another similarity with the Moon is that the planet’s dry and rocky surface is full of craters.
Craters are the results of impacts with asteroids or other space objects — the more craters a planet has, the older it is. Since Mercury’s surface is heavily cratered, it’s most likely ancient.
Observing Mercury: a quick guide
Is Mercury visible tonight?
From January through early February 2025, the planet will be observed against the background of the dawn. During this period, the planet will move through the constellations of Ophiuchus, Sagittarius, and Capricornus. On February 9, the planet will reach its superior solar conjunction and will be unobservable until the second half of February. Then, it will appear in the evening sky and reach its best visibility on March 8.
Since the planet is very close to the Sun, there are not many opportunities during a year to observe it. The easiest way to find Mercury in the sky is to use the planetary guide Star Walk 2. Just type the name of a planet in the search field, and the app will show you its position in the sky.
Mercury events 2025
Mercury is not easy to see. The planet often gets close to the Sun in the sky, so the sunlight outshines it. Learn when to see the elusive planet with the Sky Tonight app. Tap the magnifier icon in the lower part of the main screen, enter the planet’s name in the search field, and choose the corresponding result. Then, go to the Events tab and see the list of all Mercury-related astronomical events. A quick tip: the planet is best visible at greatest elongation when its apparent distance from the Sun is the largest.
June 8: Mercury near Jupiter
- Close approach time: 19:07 GMT (3:07 PM EDT)
- Close approach distance: 1°57′
- Conjunction time: 20:12 GMT (4:12 PM EDT)
- Conjunction distance: 1°57′
On June 8, Mercury (mag -1.2) and Jupiter (mag -1.9) will appear very close together in the constellation Taurus. They’ll be above the horizon in the evening, shortly after sunset. Unfortunately, for most locations, they’ll be too close to the Sun to be visible.
June 22: Mercury near Pollux
- Close approach time: 01:10 GMT (9:10 PM EDT on June 21)
- Close approach distance: 4°58′
- Conjunction time: 20:20 GMT (4:20 PM EDT)
- Conjunction distance: 5°05′
On June 22, Mercury (mag -0.1) will pass close to Pollux (mag 1.2) in the sky. Observe them with the naked eye or through a pair of binoculars in the constellation Gemini. They will be visible in the evening, shortly after sunset. Look for them very low above the horizon.
June 27: Moon near Mercury
- Conjunction time: 06:02 GMT (2:02 AM EDT)
- Conjunction distance: 2°54′
- Close approach time: 07:27 GMT (3:27 AM EDT)
- Close approach distance: 2°45′
On June 27, the 5%-illuminated Moon will be close to Mercury (mag 0.2) in the sky. Observe them with the naked eye or through a pair of binoculars in the constellation Cancer. With binoculars, you can also spot the Beehive Cluster (mag 3.1) nearby. They will be visible in the evening, shortly after sunset. Look for them very low above the western horizon.
June 28: Mercury at dichotomy
On June 28, at 21:25 GMT (5:25 PM EDT), Mercury will reach its half phase called dichotomy. The event occurs once every two months and falls around the time of the planet’s greatest elongation. Mercury will shine brightly with a magnitude of 0.1 in the constellation Cancer. You can spot the planet in the evening sky: to the naked eye, it will look like a point of light, and optical devices will resolve a half-lit disc.
July 3: Mercury near the Beehive Cluster
- Close approach time: 06:07 GMT (2:07 AM EDT)
- Close approach distance: 1°07′
- Conjunction time: 18:59 GMT (2:59 PM EDT)
- Conjunction distance: 1°13′
On July 3, Mercury (mag 0.5) will pass close to the Beehive Cluster (mag 3.1) in the sky. Observe them through a pair of binoculars in the constellation Cancer. If your skies are dark enough, you can even see the Beehive Cluster and Mercury with the naked eye. They will be visible in the evening, shortly after sunset. Look for them very low above the western horizon.
July 4: Mercury at greatest eastern (evening) elongation
On July 4, at 04:37 GMT (12:37 AM EDT), Mercury (mag 0.4) will appear farthest from the Sun in the sky: the apparent distance between the two bodies will be 25°54′. The event is called greatest elongation; it is the best time to observe Mercury, as most of the time, Mercury is near the Sun and, therefore, hard to see. Find Mercury shortly after sunset in the constellation Cancer. This apparition of Mercury is favorable for the Southern Hemisphere — there, the planet will be visible higher above the horizon.
July 17: Mercury retrograde starts
On July 17, Mercury will enter retrograde motion, meaning that it will appear to move “backward” in the sky until August 10. Read our dedicated article to discover the science behind the retrograde motion phenomenon and whether it’s possible to see it in the sky.
August 10: Mercury retrograde ends
Mercury, which has been retrograde since July 17, will return to its normal, or prograde, motion on August 10. The next retrograde period for Mercury will last from November 9 to December 29. See our dedicated article to learn what planets are retrograde right now, and when Mercury will go “backwards” next time.
August 19: Mercury at greatest western (morning) elongation
On August 19, at 09:59 GMT (5:59 a.m. EDT), Mercury (mag -0.1) will appear farthest from the Sun in the sky: the apparent distance between the two objects will be 18°36′. The event is called greatest elongation; it is the best time to observe Mercury, as most of the time, Mercury is near the Sun and, therefore, hard to see. Find Mercury shortly before sunrise in the constellation Cancer.
August 19: Mercury near the Beehive Cluster
- Conjunction time: 13:36 GMT (9:36 AM EDT)
- Conjunction distance: 1°13′
- Close approach time: 14:02 GMT (10:02 AM EDT)
- Close approach distance: 1°07′
On August 19, Mercury (mag –0.3) will pass close to the Beehive Cluster (mag 3.1) in the sky. Observe them through a pair of binoculars in the constellation Cancer. If your skies are dark enough, you can even see the Beehive Cluster and Mercury with the naked eye. They will be visible in the morning, shortly before sunrise. Look for them very low above the eastern horizon.
August 21: Mercury at dichotomy
On August 21, at 10:19 GMT (6:19 a.m. EDT), Mercury will reach its half phase called dichotomy. The event occurs once every 2 months and falls around the time of the planet’s greatest elongation. Mercury will shine brightly with a magnitude of -0.5 in the constellation Cancer. You can spot the planet in the morning sky: to the naked eye, it will look like a point of light, and optical devices will resolve a half-lit disc.
August 21: Moon near Mercury
- Conjunction time: 16:14 GMT (12:14 PM EDT)
- Conjunction distance: 3°44′
- Close approach time: 18:54 GMT (2:54 PM EDT)
- Close approach distance: 3°27′
On August 21, the 4%-illuminated Moon will be close to Mercury (mag –0.3) in the sky. Observe them with the naked eye or through a pair of binoculars in the constellation Cancer. They will be visible in the morning, shortly before sunrise. Look for them very low above the eastern horizon.
F.A.Q.
What color is Mercury?
Mercury is primarily dark gray. A planet’s color depends on the color of its surface and its reflective abilities. Unfortunately, Mercury’s rocky exterior covered with dust doesn’t give a wide variety of colors.
How many moons does Mercury have?
None. Without going into details, Mercury just cannot form, capture, or acquire a moon due to the planet’s small size, weak gravity, and proximity to the Sun.
How far is Mercury from the Sun?
Its average distance from the Sun is about 58 million km (36 million miles). Thus, among other planets in the Solar System, Mercury is the closest one to the star.
When was Mercury discovered?
We don’t know for sure — the first recorded observation was made in 265 BC. Because Mercury is so close to the Sun, it’s often hidden by its glare. The first people who observed Mercury through a telescope were Galileo Galilei and Thomas Harriot in the 17th century.
Why is Venus hotter than Mercury?
Despite Mercury being the closest planet to the Sun, Venus is hotter because of the thick Venusian atmosphere trapping heat. Mercury, in its turn, has no significant atmosphere and can’t hold the Sun’s energy.
What does the Sun look like from Mercury?
If you could stand on Mercury, at aphelion (the farthest Mercury can get from the Sun), you would see the Sun twice bigger than it appears from the Earth. At perihelion (the closest distance), the Sun would appear three times larger than it does on our planet.
Planet Mercury: to sum up
Mercury is, without a doubt, one of the most extreme planets of all: this planet is the smallest and the closest to the Sun, and the difference between night and day temperatures here makes up about 610°C (1,100°F). Mercury has no moons and almost no atmosphere. This planet is also one of the hardest to observe as it’s near the Sun in the sky most of the time. Share this article with your friends and keep learning more about astronomy with Star Walk 2 and Sky Tonight. You can also watch the fun and educational cartoon about Mercury that explains the main facts about the planet in simple words.
Wishing you clear skies and happy observations!
